Op-ed: The State Of Lightning Network In 2023 Op-ed: The State Of Lightning Network In 2023
Lightning Network's ongoing evolution tackles scalability while facing congestion and centralization challenges.
3 min read
Updated: Dec. 4, 2023 at 12:23 am UTC
Cover art/illustration via CryptoSlate. Image includes combined content which may include AI-generated content.
The Lightning Network, introduced in 2016, is a second-layer scaling solution for Bitcoin to address its scalability issues. Built upon a network of payment channels, this off-chain protocol enables instant and low-cost transactions. It bypasses the need for every transaction to be recorded on the Bitcoin blockchain.
Users establish direct payment channels with one another and conduct multiple transactions without involving the main blockchain through a network of interconnected channels.
In recent years, the Lightning Network has worked to increase liquidity channels and improve user experience. Lightning Network nodes have become more reliable for peer-to-peer micropayments. Innovations like Atomic Multipath Payments further optimized routing capabilities.
Scaling Solutions And Improvements In 2023
Lightning Network has benefitted from adopting channel factories, whereby users create multiple payment channels within a single transaction, improving network capacity and reducing on-chain transaction fees.
Developers have also made substantial progress in implementing a proposed enforcement layer for LN that allows any later channel state to replace any earlier channel state. This upgrade simplifies channel management by allowing users to revise outdated channel states without broadcasting the entire history on the blockchain. This could potentially allow users to resolve disputes and minimize transaction costs efficiently.
Challenges Faced By The Lightning Network In 2023
The network must grapple with increased transaction volumes and potential congestion. Whether or not the Lightning Network can handle many transactions without compromising its speed and efficiency remains to be seen. The network must address concerns related to privacy, routing inefficiencies, channel liquidity management, and interoperability with other blockchain networks.
Although Lightning Network’s reliability has improved over the years, it should certainly remain the focus on the development team. The network’s reliability will be one of the first things new users experience. The network’s success rate is close to 50%, though Lightning Network apps abstract away the failures. The success rate in either case must be closer to 99.9%. Lightning Network expert Christian Decker said improved routing algorithms, heuristics, etc. could improve reliability.
Currently, Lightning Network sends out onions, which are lightweight, flexible messages sent between peers on the Lightning Network. They are essentially payment attempts. When they fail, the network makes another attempt. Statistically, the payment eventually gets paid. Therefore, Lightning Network could theoretically send five payments concurrently and hope at least one arrives.
In the current protocol, however, this scenario could lead to someone claiming two payments, resulting in an overpay. To do parallel attempts to speed up payments drastically, Lightning Network needs Point Time Locked Contracts (PTLCs), which can be done now that Taproot is added to the Bitcoin protocol.
Lightning Network tends to be centralized around a few big hubs, which is good from a routing perspective. The more centralized the network, the easier it is for the network to find a path. The problem with centralized networks is everyone is reliant on a few big nodes. Also, considering the ethos of Bitcoin, Lightning Network shouldn’t be centralized.
In short, liquidity procurement and allocation on Lightning Network can prove inefficient.
If you misallocate your liquidity, you might have to close the channel again and pay some on-chain fees. If Lightning is used en masse, the liquidity must be repeatedly reallocated. Eventually, the blocks might become full, and the system becomes problematic because liquidity has dried up.
Also, the blocks might become full. Then the Lightning Network has a problem because you have a system with little liquidity. Although certain methods can alleviate the problem, such as transaction batching, block space remains limited at the end of the day.
It is by no means the case that the Lightning Network can get Bitcoin to ten billion users or even one billion users. From a developer’s standpoint, that is exciting. Nonetheless, brilliant minds are working to make the best use of the block space available to the Bitcoin network, and many other cryptocurrency options could alleviate the burden on digital gold.
Guest Contributor 
Kadan Stadelmann
Kadan Stadelmann is a blockchain developer, operations security expert and Komodo Platform’s chief technology officer.
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Bitcoin, a decentralized currency that defies the sway of central banks or administrators, transacts electronically, circumventing intermediaries via a peer-to-peer network.