Research: Ethereum price volatility expected post-Merge as open interest options soar with bearish divergence Research: Ethereum price volatility expected post-Merge as open interest options soar with bearish divergence
Options traders are bracing for volatility post-Merge with the expectation of downside risk to follow.
Cover art/illustration via CryptoSlate. Image includes combined content which may include AI-generated content.
The eagerly anticipated Ethereum Merge is expected to occur on Sept. 15. This will consolidate the existing Proof-of-Work (PoW) execution layer to the concurrently running Proof-of-Stake (PoS) Beacon chain. Proponents expect this to bring scaling and environmental benefits.
Although the run-up to the Merge has seen a significant jump in price, growing 90% since bottoming on June 18, buying activity appeared to have peaked over the weekend.
Analysis of ETH derivatives metrics showed traders expect a price dip to occur post-Merge.
The Volatility Smile
The Volatility Smile chart shows implied volatility by plotting options’ strike price with the same underlying asset and expiration date. Implied volatility rises when the underlying asset of an option is further out-of-the-money (OTM), or in-the-money (ITM), compared to at-the-money (ATM).
Options further OTM usually have higher implied volatilities; hence Volatility Smile charts typically show a “smile” shape. The steepness and shape of this smile can be used to assess the relative expensiveness of options and gauge what kind of tail risks the market is pricing in.
The accompanying legend refers to historical overlays and shows the shape of the smile 1 day, 2 days, 1 week, and 2 weeks ago, respectively. For example, when ATM implied volatility values for extreme strikes are lower today compared to historical overlays, it could indicate a reduced tail risk being priced in by the market. In such cases, the market’s view has a lower probability for extreme moves compared to medium moves.
Previous research from a month ago examined the behavior of options traders using the Smile Volatility chart. The overall conclusion was that options traders expect a price run-up, leading into a dump post-Merge. But has anything changed between then and now?
The Volatility Smile chart below shows a bearish divergence for each of the historical overlays and the current smile. Typically, at lower strike prices, the implied volatility is lower. But the left tail in each instance is at around 100% or more, signaling the potential for swings in implied volatility post-Merge.
Options Open Interest
Options Open Interest refers to the number of active options contracts. These are contracts that have been traded but not yet liquidated by an offsetting trade or assignment.
There is no information on when the options were bought or sold. However, this metric can be used to gauge volume at various strike prices and determine liquidity.
The chart below shows the total Open Interest of puts and calls by strike price. A slight bias towards puts (or the right to sell a contract) indicates a bearish sentiment. At the same time, the most significant data point shows over 22,000 puts at a price of $1,100.
Annualized perpetual funding
This metric compares the annualized rates of return available in a cash-and-carry trade between 3-month expiring futures (3-mth rolling basis) and perpetual funding rates.
Given that digital assets have low storage, handling, and delivery cost overheads (unlike physical commodities), perpetual futures have become a preferred instrument for market speculation, risk hedging, and capturing funding rate premiums.
Instances of perpetual funding rates trading lower than the 3-month rolling historically represent periods of undervaluation and usually occur during bear markets. As such, some traders use the point at which this happens to signal a market top.
The chart below shows the perpetual rate trading lower than the 3-month rolling for around 3 weeks at this point. This could suggest traders are expecting volatility ahead and are sidelined and waiting to deploy capital.
Conversely, the November 2021 market peak saw the opposite situation occur, with the perpetual rate trading well above the 3-month rolling.
Bitcoin vs. Ethereum Options Open Interest
Comparing the Bitcoin and Ethereum Options Open Interest shows ETH is $8 billion – a new all-time high. Meanwhile, BTC’s current open interest is around $5 billion, which is well below its $15 billion peak.
In July, ETH open interest moved BTC for the first time, indicating speculative interest is strong and that derivatives traders are gearing up for the Merge.
Ethereum Market Data
At the time of press 10:49 pm UTC on Sep. 13, 2022, Ethereum is ranked #2 by market cap and the price is down 7.79% over the past 24 hours. Ethereum has a market capitalization of $193.85 billion with a 24-hour trading volume of $22.81 billion. Learn more about Ethereum ›
Crypto Market Summary
At the time of press 10:49 pm UTC on Sep. 13, 2022, the total crypto market is valued at at $988.59 billion with a 24-hour volume of $101.72 billion. Bitcoin dominance is currently at 38.89%. Learn more about the crypto market ›
Author 
Samuel Wan
Samuel Wan, a finance professional turned full-time crypto content creator, values individual autonomy and personal freedom in his pursuits.
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Ethereum is a decentralized, open-source blockchain platform that enables the creation of smart contracts and decentralized applications (DApps).