Research: Bear market cycles see long-term holders capitulate and then accumulate Research: Bear market cycles see long-term holders capitulate and then accumulate
Since 2010, long-term holders have been buying Bitcoin every time its price was pushed downwards and have sold into almost every peak.
Cover art/illustration via CryptoSlate. Image includes combined content which may include AI-generated content.
Determining the length of a market cycle requires looking at the past behavior of its participants. When it comes to Bitcoin, there are two major currents that change the direction of its price movements — long-term holders (LTHs) and short-term holders (STHs).
Long-term holders are defined as addresses that have held Bitcoin longer than 155 days. They’re often seen as the “smart investors” in the space, as the majority of them have withstood market volatility and managed to accumulate at the bottom and sell at the top.
Short-term-holders are addresses that have held Bitcoin for less than 155 days and are seen as the more price-sensitive group significantly affected by volatility.
Looking at the behavior of LTHs and STHs further corroborates this. Since 2010, long-term holders have bought BTC every time its price was pushed downwards and sold into almost every peak.
Recent changes in the net positions of long-term holders show that they have been capitulating. Bitcoin’s slump, caused by the Terra (LUNA) blowback and the Celsius crisis, has pushed many LTHs to sell their positions.
However, LTHs selling their positions is usually taken as a sign of a market bottom.
According to data from Glassnode, the sell-off that began in May reached its peak in July and is now tapering off. The graph below illustrates the change in position for long-term holders, with the red highlights showing a decrease in the overall position and the green highlights showing an increase in their holdings.
Zooming out reveals other periods that pushed long-term holders to sell off their holdings. In March 2020, when the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic crushed global markets, long-term holders capitulated out of fear and uncertainty. Their capitulation set off a sharp price drop that took until July that year to recover.
The next major sell-off happened between January 2021 and May 2021. However, with Bitcoin deep in a bull run, the sell-off meant long-term holders were taking significant profits.
The capitulation we’ve seen begin in April 2022 is still ongoing. Like the one in March 2020, this capitulation has also triggered a massive price drop, pushing Bitcoin down to $20,000 for the better part of the summer. And while we’ve seen selling subdue since August began, the accumulation rate remains small.
We are yet to see whether this is the start of another accumulation period and whether the small uptick in the accumulation rate will overtake the sell-off. If the previous bear cycles repeat, Bitcoin’s price could see a gradual rise, followed by an increase in the amount of BTC accumulated by LTHs.
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Author 
Andjela Radmilac
Armed with a classical education and an eye for news, Andjela dove head deep into the crypto industry in 2018 after spending years covering politics.
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Glassnode brings data intelligence to the blockchain and cryptocurrency space.