EU Crypto Regulation

Explore EU crypto laws, including MiCA rules, exchange licensing, stablecoin regulation, taxes, AML compliance, and digital asset oversight.

European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA)

Comprehensive framework Outside EU coverage

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All Topics AML/CFT Banking & Financial Access CBDCs & State-Issued Tokens Commodities Consumer protection Custody DAOs DeFi Disclosure & Marketing Enforcement & Asset Recovery Government Crypto Holdings Licensing Licensing & Registration Market abuse Market Structure & Regulatory Perimeter Mining Payments Privacy & Cybersecurity Privacy coins Securities Self-custody Stablecoins Staking Strategic Bitcoin Reserve Taxation Taxation & Reporting Token issuance Tokenization

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All Asset Classes Accepted Virtual Assets Ancillary Assets Anonymity-Enhanced Cryptocurrencies Asset-backed securities tokens Asset-referenced tokens Asset-referenced virtual assets Bitcoin Bitcoin bonds Bitcoin ETFs Bitcoin futures Blockchain tokens CBDC CBDCs Central bank digital currencies Central bank digital currency Certain crypto-assets Controllable electronic records Convertible virtual currencies Convertible virtual currency Crypto Crypto assets Crypto contracts Crypto derivatives Crypto ETFs Crypto ETPs Crypto securities Crypto-asset securities Crypto-tokens Cryptoassets Cryptocurrencies Cryptocurrency Cryptographic assets Cryptographic instruments Custodied crypto-assets DeFi protocols Derivatives Digital asset derivatives Digital asset securities Digital assets Digital assets with legal tender status Digital commodities Digital currency Digital dollar Digital fiat Digital financial assets Digital payment representations Digital payment tokens Digital rights Digital securities Digital settlement assets Digital token Digital tokens Digital wallets DLT assets DLT financial instruments DLT securities DLT tokens DLT-based value E-money tokens Electronic money Electronic money tokens Electronic payment instruments Electronic precious metals Electronic securities ETFs Ether Exchange-traded funds Exchange-traded products Fiat Crypto Tokens Fiat currency Fiat-backed crypto assets Fiat-backed stablecoins Fiat-backed tokens Fiat-referenced stablecoins Fiat-referenced tokens Fiat-referenced virtual assets Financial assets Financial derivatives Forfeited digital assets Funds Fungible tokens Gold-backed digital currency Governance tokens Greenlisted coins Initial token offerings Investment fund interests Investment tokens Mining rewards Native crypto-assets Network tokens NFTs Non-fungible tokens Non-security tokens Open blockchain tokens Payment stablecoins Payment tokens Precious metals Prepaid Payment Instruments Privacy coins Privacy tokens Private keys Proprietary tokens Qualifying cryptoassets Qualifying stablecoins Real-world assets Relevant Stablecoins Restricted digital assets RWAs Securities Security tokens SFC-authorised investment products Shares Silver-backed digital currency Specified stablecoins Spot Bitcoin ETFs Spot virtual assets Stable digital assets Stablecoins Staking rewards Tokenised assets Tokenised deposits Tokenised fund interests Tokenised securities Tokenized assets Tokenized capital market instruments Tokenized capital markets products Tokenized commodities Tokenized financial instruments Tokenized fund units Tokenized funds Tokenized real-world assets Tokenized securities Tokenized traditional assets Tokens U.S. dollar-backed stablecoins Unbacked cryptoassets Unsecured digital assets Utility digital rights Utility tokens Value-referenced crypto assets Virtual asset ETFs Virtual asset futures Virtual asset-related products Virtual assets Virtual coins Virtual currencies Virtual currency Virtual Digital Assets Virtual financial assets Virtual payment instruments Virtual service tokens Virtual tokens

Law database

31 law profiles

Germany Crypto-Asset Income Tax Treatment Guidance

IV C 1 - S 2256/00042/064/043 Tax guidance Added Jul 1, 2026

Effective

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DeFi Mining Staking +2 more

Germany’s 2025 BMF circular explains income tax treatment of crypto-assets, including mining, staking, lending, airdrops, ICOs, private sales,...

bundesfinanzministerium.de

Germany Electronic Securities Act (eWpG)

eWpG; BGBl. I 2021, p. 1423; FNA 4134-5 Act Added Jul 6, 2026

Effective

Jun 10, 2021

Licensing & Registration Market Structure & Regulatory Perimeter Securities +1 more

Germany’s eWpG provides a register-based route for issuing eligible securities electronically, including crypto securities in crypto securities registers...

gesetze-im-internet.de

Germany Electronic Securities Registers Regulation (eWpRV)

eWpRV; BGBl. I 2022 p. 1882; FNA 4134-5-1 Regulation Added Jul 7, 2026

Effective

Oct 29, 2022

Disclosure & Marketing Licensing & Registration Privacy & Cybersecurity +2 more

German regulation setting operational, documentation, access, data-security and DLT-specific requirements for central electronic registers and crypto securities registers...

Germany Financial Market Digitalization Act (FinmadiG)

BGBl. 2024 I Nr. 438 Act Added Jul 6, 2026

Effective

Dec 30, 2024

AML/CFT Licensing & Registration Market Structure & Regulatory Perimeter +2 more

Germany’s FinmadiG aligns national financial laws with MiCA, crypto transfer rules and DORA, creating KMAG and BaFin powers...

Germany Future Financing Act Tokenized Securities Amendments

BGBl. 2023 I Nr. 354; Art. 13, 16 Act Added Jul 7, 2026

Effective

Dec 15, 2023

Disclosure & Marketing Market Structure & Regulatory Perimeter Securities +2 more

Germany’s Future Financing Act amended company and electronic-securities law so certain shares can be issued as electronic securities,...

Germany Money Laundering Act Crypto-Asset AML and Transfer Regime

GwG; BGBl. I 2017 p. 1822; FinmadiG BGBl. 2024 I No. 438 Act Added Jul 6, 2026

Effective

Dec 30, 2024

AML/CFT Licensing & Registration Payments +1 more

Germany’s GwG, as amended by FinmadiG, brings MiCA crypto-asset service providers and certain ART issuers into AML scope...

gesetze-im-internet.de

MiCA: EU Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation

Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 Regulation Added Jun 3, 2026

In force

Dec 30, 2024

Disclosure & Marketing Licensing & Registration Market abuse +2 more

EU MiCA creates a harmonized framework for crypto-asset issuance, stablecoin issuers, CASPs, disclosures, market integrity, and supervision. Fully...

AMF MiCA Crypto-Asset Service Provider Transition Regime

MiCA Art. 143; Law 2023-171 Art. 8 III; Ord. 2024-936 Regulation Added Jul 8, 2026

Expired

Dec 30, 2024

AML/CFT Consumer protection Custody +2 more

Temporary French MiCA bridge allowing eligible pre-30 Dec 2024 DASPs/PSANs to keep providing crypto-asset services until 1 Jul...

AMF Digital Asset Service Provider Registration and Licensing Regime

Loi n° 2019-486; former CMF arts. L54-10-1–L54-10-5 Regulation Added Jul 8, 2026

Repealed

May 24, 2019

AML/CFT Consumer protection Custody +2 more

France’s former AMF/ACPR framework for digital asset service providers required registration for core services and offered optional licensing....

PACTE Digital Asset Service Provider Regime

Loi n° 2019-486, art. 86; CMF L.54-10-1 to L.54-10-6 Act Added Jul 7, 2026

Repealed

May 24, 2019

AML/CFT Consumer protection Custody +2 more

France’s PACTE Law created the AMF DASP/PSAN regime for custody, exchange, trading-platform and related digital asset services. It...

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