How zero-knowledge (zK) tech will power the future of crypto How zero-knowledge (zK) tech will power the future of crypto
Web3's advance in 2023 showcases Zero-Knowledge proofs as key to resolving industry-wide scalability and privacy challenges.
4 min read
Updated: Dec. 31, 2023 at 4:27 pm UTC
Cover art/illustration via CryptoSlate. Image includes combined content which may include AI-generated content.
The past year has witnessed the ascendancy of Zero-Knowledge (ZK) technology. From its potential to increase and secure privacy protocols in the Web3 space, to its increased efficiency in validating transactions, the implementation of the tech is further cementing the growth and integration of blockchain into our daily lives. Its role in increasing efficiency has been taking center stage, as zk-proofs allow for data batching in transactions, lowering the computational requirements to process the information and the amount of data stored on blockchain networks.
This means introducing a trustless scalability mechanism which the industry has been sorely lacking. The additional component that has secured its place as the new widely accepted validation protocol is the inherent capability to process this data without the need for any unnecessary information being added in, reinforcing the privacy frameworks inherent to blockchain.
To mark the commitment and the recognition of this potential, Ethereum and other Layer 1 platforms, the pillars of the industry, are in the process of transitioning towards settlement and proof verification through the implementation of ZK technology. As Layer 1s integrate this technology, we are about to see an industry-wide standardization. By securing the Web3 space with stronger validations, an issue in desperate need of resolution, this shift has the potential to secure the industry’s foundations and pave the way for the broad-scale adoption it has been lacking.
Decentralization: a benefit and a hurdle
ZK technology has taken on the role of overcoming decentralization challenges, namely the creation of centralized verification hubs in current solutions, and the need for efficient systems to allow people easy access to additional chains.
As the Web3 space develops, the focus is on the broader narrative of decentralized systems, keeping them so, and emphasizing the need for interoperability in an app-sharded future. The broader industry’s commitment to building systems that resist censorship and cannot be controlled by private entities is evident. In navigating the complexities of current rollup solutions, Zk-rollups take center stage, providing best-in-class security guarantees through stronger validation and still maintaining privacy functions.
The dynamic interplay of scalability and privacy is a central theme in this transformation. Innovations such as Risc0, Gnark, ZK building tools, and pairing-friendly cryptography have facilitated the building and application of ZK technology. While ZK tools are becoming easier to build and integrate, masternodes and keeper-based infrastructure, additional privacy-focused mechanisms, are undergoing a paradigm shift towards ZK, and hardware acceleration projects like cysic.xyz, promise performance levels akin to Solana.
These advancements address scalability challenges by combining the best of vertical scalability with the security properties of horizontal scalability.
Lastly, ZK tech has also proven to strengthen bridges between layers, an imperative for interoperability and future growth. Current bridging systems have quickly led to centralized nodes, not only creating dramatic security vulnerabilities, but potentially curbing the future free access to applications, assets, and ecosystems, core industry components that should not be subject to control by private entities.
An additional promising solution is represented by Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC). The commitment to decentralization is not only a technical endeavor but also a philosophical stance, and we should strive to ensure that anyone can participate in the network.
Privacy as a Core Value in ZK Technology
Privacy takes center stage as a core value in the evolution of ZK technology. As a security measure, further verification methods have been needed to stymie the rampant hacks across the Web3 industry.
Currently, this means limiting the privacy of each party involved. With ZK proofs, entities can issue the verification before any transfers, providing only key data points to validate the transaction. In concrete terms, this would be like validating a company’s creditworthiness without opening up its entire financials.
The commitment to privacy is not just a philosophical stance in blockchain; it’s a practical necessity. Privacy is depicted as a countermeasure to malicious Miner Extractable Value (MEV), a process where miners validate transactions for a fee, thus ensuring fair and competitive markets.
Specific projects like Penumbra, Anoma, and Nym exemplify the importance of privacy. In a world where privacy is compromised, the potential for exclusion and censorship looms large, emphasizing ZK Proofs’ pivotal role in ensuring a robust and inclusive Web3 landscape.
Impact on the Future of Web3
The retrospective glance at 2023 showcases the strides made by ZK technology, with projects like Nova, Lasso, and Jolt leaving an indelible mark on the Web3 ecosystem. These projects have made building and integrating ZK Proofs into existing systems easier.
Yet, it has also brought to light the challenges faced by the industry, such as reliable scalability, safe interoperability, and the potential for centralized systems, and the work to be done to establish Web3 in our daily lives.
Looking ahead to 2024, we will see a shift in on-chain activity as DeFi systems, crypto trading, and cross-chain dApps migrate to ZK-powered blockchains. More and more apps will likely move towards zk-tech, leveraging it for more efficient airdrops and more private and secure trading. An industry-wide commitment is paramount to overcoming the decentralization challenges in the blockchain space today.
Leaders of ZK projects should prioritize education and tooling; given the high technical overhead with ZK technology, we must provide developers with easy-to-use tools to incorporate ZK tech into their projects and educational resources and support to guide them in that process.
Projects wishing to prepare for the inevitable zk-powered future can do so by partnering with existing zk projects and working together to implement the tech into their existing models.
2023 has been a transformative year, underlining the impactful contributions of ZK technology in DeFi, cryptocurrencies, and increased decentralization. The optimism for developers and their role in shaping the future of ZK technology in 2024 is palpable, even in the face of ongoing market challenges. It is an optimism born of anticipation for Web3’s next steps and the potential ZK Proofs are now providing to thrust the industry into a new era of scale and development.
Guest Contributor 
Karel Kubat
Karel Kubat is the Founder of Union, the first fully trustless bridge powered by zero-knowledge technology.
