Crypto Law Profile
New York charter route for virtual currency entities operating as limited purpose trust companies under DFS approval, supervision, custody, AML, cybersecurity and customer-protection standards.
NYDFS Limited Purpose Trust Company Virtual Currency Regime is a New York state supervisory route for certain virtual currency businesses that operate under a New York Banking Law charter rather than a BitLicense alone. New York DFS states that, to conduct virtual currency business activity in New York, an entity may apply either for a BitLicense or for a New York Banking Law charter, such as a New York State limited purpose trust company, with approval to conduct virtual currency business. As of June 5, 2026, this regime remains active and is administered by the New York State Department of Financial Services.
The limited purpose trust company route is not a separate federal crypto licence. It is a state banking-law charter path that may authorize virtual currency activity when DFS approves the chartered entity’s business plan and activities. DFS explains that a chartered New York bank or limited purpose trust company can engage in virtual currency business activity without a BitLicense if it has received the Superintendent’s approval. DFS also notes two differences from a BitLicense: a limited purpose trust company can exercise fiduciary powers, and it can engage in money transmission in New York without obtaining a separate New York money transmitter licence.
New York Banking Law section 100 gives trust companies fiduciary powers, including acting as fiscal or transfer agent, trustee, executor, administrator, guardian, receiver, and in other fiduciary capacities. DFS separately describes limited purpose trust companies as institutions chartered under New York Banking Law without the general power to take deposits or make loans, except as directly arising from fiduciary powers.
The virtual currency business perimeter is tied to 23 NYCRR Part 200. DFS summarizes covered activity as receiving or transmitting virtual currency, holding custody or control of virtual currency for others, buying and selling virtual currency as a customer business, performing exchange services as a customer business, and controlling, administering, or issuing a virtual currency. DFS’s history page states that the BitLicense regulation took effect on June 24, 2015, while DFS had already begun considering virtual currency limited purpose trust company charters in 2014.
The regime therefore functions as a charter-and-supervision framework. It does not automatically authorize every product, token, stablecoin, custody model, staking service, or trading feature. DFS charter materials say a limited purpose trust company must agree not to materially change products, services, or activities without the Superintendent’s prior approval.
DFS says limited purpose trust company applications receive the same level of scrutiny as other bank and trust company proposals, subject to differences involving capitalization and FDIC insurance. The chartering process considers business type, public convenience and advantage, competitive impact, premises, proposed policies and procedures, and risk areas including AML, transaction monitoring, cybersecurity, market manipulation, conflicts, capital adequacy, accounting, and resolution planning.
Applicants enter into a supervisory agreement with DFS that addresses safety-and-soundness, customer-protection, and other matters. DFS also requires capital in the amount and form the Superintendent determines sufficient for the institution’s financial integrity and ongoing operations, plus BSA/AML policies and procedures and cybersecurity controls aligned with 23 NYCRR Part 500.
Custody is a central use case for New York limited purpose trust companies in digital assets. DFS’s September 30, 2025 updated custody guidance applies to entities licensed under Part 200 and entities chartered as limited purpose trust companies that custody virtual currency assets. The guidance replaced the January 2023 custody guidance and focuses on segregation, separate accounting, limited custodian interest, sub-custody arrangements, and customer disclosures.
DFS expects virtual currency custodians to account for and segregate customer virtual currency from the custodian’s corporate assets, preserve each customer’s equitable and beneficial interest, avoid using customer assets for the custodian’s own obligations, and treat new sub-custody arrangements as material business changes requiring prior DFS approval.
Virtual currency entities, including limited purpose trust companies, are also subject to DFS coin-listing and stablecoin approval expectations. DFS’s November 2023 listing guidance requires approved coin-listing and coin-delisting policies for self-certification, while entities without approved listing policies generally may list only Greenlisted coins unless DFS approves a material business change. DFS’s stablecoin guidance states that limited purpose trust companies engaging in virtual currency business activity require DFS written approval before issuing a new stablecoin in New York.
This profile is a New York state regime profile within the United States. It should be read alongside the separate BitLicense profile, New York Banking Law, NYDFS cybersecurity rules, AML/BSA requirements, stablecoin guidance, custody guidance, and entity-specific supervisory agreements. DFS’s regulated-entity list shows multiple active limited purpose trust company charters for virtual currency activity, including Gemini, Coinbase Custody, NYDIG Trust, Standard Custody, PayPal Digital, Fireblocks Trust, Bastion Platforms Trust, and MoonPay Trust Company.
A New York bank or limited purpose trust company may conduct virtual currency business activity without a BitLicense if the Superintendent approves.
Trust companies have fiduciary powers under Banking Law §100, and DFS states LPTCs can exercise fiduciary powers unavailable to BitLicensees.
Part 200 covers transmission, custody, buying and selling, exchange services, and controlling, administering or issuing virtual currency.
DFS charter materials require limited purpose trust companies to obtain prior approval before materially changing products, services or activities.
Applicants enter a DFS supervisory agreement addressing safety-and-soundness, customer protection and other institution-specific matters.
DFS expects VCE custodians, including LPTCs, to segregate customer virtual currency from corporate assets and preserve customer beneficial interests.
DFS views new sub-custody or third-party custody arrangements as material business changes requiring prior Department approval.
Charter applicants must address AML, transaction monitoring, cybersecurity, market manipulation, conflicts and related risk controls.
VC entities need DFS-approved listing and delisting policies for self-certification; otherwise listings are limited to Greenlisted or specifically approved coins.
DFS says LPTCs engaged in virtual currency business activity require written approval before issuing a new stablecoin in New York.
DFS history states the BitLicense regulation went into effect on June 24, 2015.
DFS granted a New York Banking Law charter to Gemini Trust Company, LLC as a Bitcoin exchange.
DFS approved Coinbase Custody Trust Company LLC to operate as a limited purpose trust company.
DFS granted BitGo New York Trust Company LLC a New York Banking Law trust charter for digital asset custody.
DFS issued guidance on U.S. dollar-backed stablecoins for BitLicensees and LPTCs.
DFS published final guidance on virtual currency listing and delisting policies.
DFS updated custody-structure guidance for BitLicensees and LPTCs that custody virtual currency assets.
New York State Department of Financial Services, New York State Legislature, Superintendent of Financial Services
Crypto assets, Digital assets, Stablecoins, Virtual assets, Virtual currency
This is a composite New York state regime profile. It covers the NYDFS limited purpose trust company route for virtual currency activity, not a standalone federal crypto licence or a substitute for entity-specific supervisory agreements.
