Establishment of the Strategic Bitcoin Reserve and United States Digital Asset Stockpile

Executive Order 14233, Establishment of the Strategic Bitcoin Reserve and United States Digital Asset Stockpile, is a United States federal executive order signed on March 6, 2025 and published in the Federal Register on March 11, 2025 at 90 FR 11789. The order directs federal management of government-owned bitcoin and other digital assets obtained through final criminal or civil forfeiture proceedings or certain civil money penalties. It is not a congressional statute or a private-market licensing regime.

As of June 4, 2026, this profile treats EO 14233 as in force. The Federal Register’s 2025 executive-order table lists EO 14233 with its signing date, publication date, FR citation, and document number, and does not show a revocation or amendment note in the EO 14233 entry. Editors should re-check the Executive Order Disposition Tables before later updates because executive orders can be amended, superseded, or revoked.

Executive Order 14233 scope and covered assets

The order establishes two separate federal structures. The Strategic Bitcoin Reserve is to be administered through Treasury-controlled custodial accounts and capitalized with “Government BTC,” meaning BTC held by the Department of the Treasury that was finally forfeited in criminal or civil asset forfeiture proceedings or received in satisfaction of a civil money penalty, subject to statutory and release exceptions. Agencies were also directed to review whether they had authority to transfer Government BTC to Treasury.

The United States Digital Asset Stockpile applies to Treasury-owned digital assets other than BTC that were finally forfeited in criminal or civil asset forfeiture proceedings, again subject to statutory and release exceptions. This structure separates bitcoin from other digital assets, with the order treating BTC as a reserve asset and directing Treasury to determine responsible-stewardship strategies for the non-BTC stockpile.

Key provisions for reserve management

• No-sale policy for reserve BTC: Government BTC deposited into the Strategic Bitcoin Reserve is not to be sold and is to be maintained as reserve assets of the United States, in accordance with applicable law.
• Budget-neutral BTC acquisition strategies: The Secretary of the Treasury and Secretary of Commerce must develop strategies for acquiring additional Government BTC, provided those strategies are budget neutral and impose no incremental costs on U.S. taxpayers.
• Limits on non-BTC acquisitions: The United States may not acquire additional Stockpile Assets except through forfeiture proceedings, civil money penalties, or further executive or legislative action.
• Agency accounting: Agency heads were directed to provide Treasury and the President’s Working Group on Digital Asset Markets with a full accounting of Government Digital Assets within 30 days of the order.
• Disposition exceptions: The order restricts agency sale or disposal of Government Digital Assets, while preserving exceptions for victim returns, law enforcement operations, equitable sharing, statutory releases, court orders, and other lawful requirements.

Status, deadlines, and implementation limits

EO 14233 set two near-term implementation deadlines measured from March 6, 2025. Within 30 days, agencies were to review transfer authorities and account for Government Digital Assets. Within 60 days, Treasury was to deliver an evaluation of legal and investment considerations for establishing and managing the reserve and stockpile, including whether legislation would be needed to operationalize any part of the order.

The order’s general provisions preserve existing agency authority, OMB functions, applicable-law limits, and appropriations constraints. It also states that it does not create enforceable rights or benefits for private parties. For Crypto Laws purposes, the order is best categorized as an in-force U.S. presidential action affecting federal-agency management of government digital assets, not as a general rule for private crypto holders, exchanges, custodians, or token issuers.